Al-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Evaluation of the molecular marker TOX protein in diagnosis of early stages of mycosis fungoides465411272510.21608/jram.2020.19493.1018.ENFatmaShabakaDermatology and Venerology Department, Faculty of Medicine for girls, Cairo, Al- Azhar University, Egypt.NafissaAl BadawyPathology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain shams university, Cairo, Egypt.HananDarwishDermatology and Venerology Department, Faculty of Medicine for girls, Cairo, Al- Azhar University, Egypt.BasemSalahDermatology and venerology Department, nuclear martial authority, Cairo,Egypt.Journal Article20191113<strong>Background:</strong> Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).<br />Differentiation of MF especially early stages (eMF) from its benign mimickers is important to ensure proper<br />management. TOX is a critical regulator of early T-cell development in the thymus that is considered as a useful<br />marker for MF diagnosis and prognosis.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> The aim of the current study was to evaluate the ability of molecular marker TOX protein in diagnosis<br />of eMF, and its ability to differentiate eMF from similar benign inflammatory skin diseases (BIDs). <br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> This is a case control study and was carried out on 60 subjects; 20 patients as eMF, 20 patients as<br />(BIDs) and 20 normal skin specimens as control cases. The diagnosis was established after clinicopathological<br />correlation. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done for MF, BIDs and normal skin cases for TOX and CD4 IHC<br />stains.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> TOX expression showed a significant positive expression in MF cases compared to BIDs and control<br />groups, with 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity. The pattern of TOX IHC stain in MF was diffuse, while in BIDs<br />was focal.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> TOX might be considered a diagnostic marker for eMF that can differentiate eMF from BIDs<br />mimickers.https://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_112725_f9509a9d418b3e57f64a409479b8afe9.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Study of the biochemical, histological and cytogenetic effects of two different energy drinks (EDs); Red bull and power horse; on brain of adult male Albino rats and to determine the possible protective role of omega-3 on the adverse effects of EDs".556611272810.21608/jram.2019.19793.1019ENWesamAbdelwahabForensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.SamahElsayedForensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.AblaAfifyForensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.AmiraMohammedCell Biology Department, National Research Center in Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.RehabAbd AlRahmanHistology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Ggirls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.Journal Article20191109<strong>Background:</strong> Energy drinks (EDs) became a worldwide phenomenon and popular especially among young<br />adult and the brain is one of the most vulnerable organs to toxicity.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> This work aimed to study the sub chronic effect of consumption of two different popular energy<br />drinks (power horse and red bull) on the brain of adult male albino rats through biochemical, histological and<br />cytogenetic parameters, and to determine the possible protective role of Omega-3 on the adverse effects of EDs.<br />Also, to determine the effects of EDs withdrawal (recovery period).<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> Forty-eight adult male albino rats were divided into 8 groups; control, omega 3, RB, PH, each of<br />EDs combined with omega 3 and after 2 weeks of withdrawal. Blood samples, brains and femora from the rats<br />were obtained for biochemical, histological and cytogenetic evaluation.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The studied EDs resulted in elevation of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde, structural and<br />numerical chromosomal aberrations. While they decreased the antioxidant markers (catalase and Superoxide<br />dismutase), acetylcholinesterase activity, total content of DNA and RNA in brain tissue and the mitotic index<br />with disturbance in the normal histology of the brain. Either treatment with omega 3 or EDs withdrawal improve<br />these changes with better effect to omega 3.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> EDs are toxic to the brain. Omega 3 or EDs withdrawal can ameliorate this toxicity with better<br />effect to omega 3. Therefore, strict control of EDs consumption is urgently neededhttps://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_112728_0b74d28692c8682bbab78388e42198ee.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701The role of detection of anti-HBc IgM in HBs Ag negative blood donors677411273310.21608/jram.2020.19827.1020ENAmlAbdouMicrobiology and Immunology Department , Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.MarwaHasssanMicrobiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.SaffieaEl GamalMicrobiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.DaliaEl DewiClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.Journal Article20191218<strong>Background:</strong> Post Transfusion hepatitis B viral infection is a major problem even after adoption of mandatory screening<br />test, HBsAg by ELISA test in blood banks. In Egypt, HBsAg is the only HBV screening test of blood donors in most<br />bloods banks. However HBsAg negative blood donors does not rule out the risk of transmission of hepatitis B, as the donor<br />may be in the ‘window period’ or has a mutant strain. During this period, detection of the antibody to the hepatitis B core<br />antigen (anti-HBc) IgM type is a useful serological marker.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> this study aimed to evaluate the significance of screening anti-HBc IgM for HBsAg negative blood donors to<br />reduce the risk of transfusion transmitted HBV infection in Egypt.<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> Four hundred HBsAg negative blood donors were randomly selected from Al-Zahraa University hospital<br />blood bank, for further screening by anti-HBcIgM by ELISA test, then positive samples for anti-HBcIgM were tested for<br />HBV DNA by PCR.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Nine (2.25%) out of selected 400 samples were positive for anti-HBcIgM, and 4 (1%) out of these 9 samples<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Anti HBcAg IgM screening test should be implemented as an additional screening test for blood donors in<br />Egypt, to improve transfusion safety as it is an indicator of occult HBV during window period.https://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_112733_f1000e3713e6b21b298caa7f9b49092e.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Total versus partial uncinectomy in functional endoscopic sinus surgery75797940110.21608/jram.2019.19956.1022ENSayedMekhiemerOtorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.SayedKadahOtorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.FatmaAbd El-gaberOtorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.AhmedAbd-ElghaffarOtorhinolaryngology Department, Mataria Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20191122<strong>Background:</strong> Chronic rhinosinusitis is a clinical syndrome defined by persistent symptomatic inflammation of the<br />mucosa of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. Usually, it responds to conservative medical treatment. Cases that<br />resist medical treatment usually need functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Uncinectomy is the first step in functional<br />endoscopic sinus surgery.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> to compare between partial and total uncinectomy results in terms of patient symptoms improvement,<br />operative data (operative time and complications), and postoperative complications in management of localized<br />maxillary sinusitis.<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> the present study included 40 cases with chronic maxillary sinusitis allocated for functional endoscopic<br />sinus surgery after failure of medical treatment. The 40 cases were divided into groups (20 cases each). Partial<br />uncinectomy was done in group A and total uncinectomy was done in group B.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: both partial and total uncinectomy were compared in terms of safety and effectiveness. Total uncinectomy had<br />significantly longer operative time and had more complications when compared to partial uncinectomy. In addition,<br />total uncinectomy was more effective in relieving headache, anterior nasal discharge and nasal obstruction, while<br />partial uncinectomy was more effective in relieving postnasal discharge. None of these results reached a statistically<br />significant value.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> compared to total uncinectomy operative time, healing time and complications were less in partial<br />uncinectomy. Despite that both arhttps://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_79401_f3c39ed79e92f5cf994d0265c5e1359c.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Role of shear wave elastography of liver and spleen “as non-invasive method” in prediction of oesophgeal varices in Egyptian patients with liver cirrhosis.80896722410.21608/jram.2020.20504.1027ENMadihaElzeinyHepatogastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar university, Egypt.Mohamed TahaAdbelhaqDiagnostic Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.WafaaEl-zefzafyHepatogastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar university, Egypt.EslamMohamedHepatogastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar university, Egypt.Journal Article20191207<strong>Background:</strong> Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) screening for esophageal varices (EVs) is expensive for the health<br />care system and invasive for the patients. Elastography has been recently used for prediction of liver cirrhosis and its<br />complications.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> To identify the reliability of liver stiffness (LS) and spleen stiffness (SS) using point shear wave elastography<br />(PSWE) as noninvasive predictors of EVs.<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> This case-control study was carried was conducted on sixty patients divided into two groups (cirrhotics<br />without EVs (30 patients) and cirrhotics with EVs (30 patients)) were subjected to: Demographic, clinical, laboratory tests,<br />abdominal ultrasound and LS and SS measured by shear wave elastography (PSWE), and finally UGIE.60 healthy control<br />subjects were also included in the study.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> There was highly significant increase of liver, spleen stiffness, and liver stiffness ᵡ splenic size/platelet count<br />(LSPS) in group with EVs in comparison to group without EVs and control group, and in patients group with cirrhosis<br />without EVs in comparison to control. Also there was significant increase of spleen stiffness in cases with large EVs than in<br />those with mild and moderate EVs while there was no significant difference as regard liver stiffness.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> LS and SS are reliable predictive tools for EVs. These results could be used to reduce the need for routine<br />upper gastrointestinal endoscopy screening.https://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_67224_4a924012ab0c6555ebc5e3d2764fadd2.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Effect of tonsillar hypertrophy on velopharyngeal closure and resonance of speech90957831310.21608/jram.2020.22154.1032ENSoaadYahiaOtorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.HodaAliOtorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.YossraSallamPhoniatrics Unite Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt0000-0002-1217-4214Journal Article20200123<strong>Background:</strong> The effect of hypertrophied tonsils on velopharyngeal closure and resonance of speech has been a matter of controversy for a long time.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of tonsillar hypertrophy on the pattern and degree of closure of the velopharyngeal valve and resonance of speech.<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> A hundred child, in the age range of 4 to 10 years, with tonsillar hypertrophy (grade 3 or 4), with average<br />intelligence, normal hearing, and intact structure of the velopharyngeal valve have been assessed by nasoendoscopy and<br />nasometry. All patients have been reevaluated 3 months after tonsillectomy.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Seventy-two patients (72%) showed coronal pattern of closure and twenty-eight (28%) showed circular pattern of closure. The degree of closure was II/IV in 7 patients (7%) and III/IV in 93 patients (93%). The mean nasalnce score of thenasal sentence and oral sentence was 57.48% and 16.17% respectively. In the postoperative evaluation 83 children<br /> exhibited a coronal pattern and 17 children showed a circular pattern. The closure was competent in 96 children and was<br />III/IV in 4 children, with significant reduction of the nasalance score postoperatively.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Hypertrophied tonsils may affect the pattern and degree of velopharyngeal closure and subsequently<br />resonance of speech even in children with normal palate.https://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_78313_137ba233156df485d6281135fecfa156.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701The possible ameliorative effect of carnosine in protein deficient diet induced testicular damage.961037742710.21608/jram.2020.22346.1033ENOmneyaKamelPhysiology Department, School of Medicine, Newgiza University , Cairo, EgyptBasmaRamadanPhysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.AzzaAbd ElwahabPhysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.SomiaMohamedPhysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.HassanAliHistology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Boys, Cairo, Al-Azhar university, Egypt.Journal Article20200121<strong>Background:</strong> Malnutrition due to protein deficiency is an emerging problem worldwide particularly in the developing<br />countries. Reproductive system development and growth depends on maintaining healthy nutrition especially in childhood<br />and adolescence.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> The present study aims at studying the possible protective efficacy of carnosine in testicular atrophy, defective<br />spermatogenesis and reduced reproductive performance induced by supplementation of protein deficient diet (PDD) to male rats.<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> Forty juvenile male albino rats were allocated into four equal groups; each group is 10 rats (i) normal<br />control rats, (ii) protein deficient diet (PDD) group (received PDD for 75 days and saline intraperitoneal (IP) 5 days/week),<br />(iii) carnosine (CAR) group (received carnosine 250 mg/kg body weight (bw), IP 5 days/week for 75 days); (iv) CAR-PDD<br />group (received PDD for 75 days and carnosine 250 mg/kg body weight (bw), IP 5 days/week).<br /><strong>Results:</strong> PDD supplementation lead to decreased body and testicular weights, reduced sex hormones and sperm count,<br />motility and vitality (Live: Death ratio). In addition, the PDD-treated group had decreased levels of the antioxidant enzymes as reduced catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels in testicular tissue. These toxic effects were accompanied by elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Increased proapoptotic marker; caspase- 9 and decreased Bcl-2 was also found. On the other hand, CAR co-administration with PDD significantly evaded these effects which were confirmed histologically.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> CAR could be used as complementary supplements in malnutrition for protection against PDD induced<br />testicular atrophy in male albino rats.https://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_77427_96036f7c00fc15228ceb0205955fdb35.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Effects of punica granatum peel extract and/ or Sitagliptin on induced diabetic nephropathy in adult male albino rats1041159517710.21608/jram.2020.22457.1035ENHananMohamedPhysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.NadiaAl-EryanPhysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.MohamedElsayedPhysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.GhadaSalah EldinPhysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.Journal Article20200121<strong>Background:</strong> Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents about 90% of diabetic cases. Diabetic nephropathy (DN)<br />is one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Sitagliptin has an important role in enhancement of the<br />Glucagon-like peptide receptor (GLP-1R) which present in the kidneys, so it may have a role in enhancement of the<br />kidney function in T2DM. Also, Punica granatum peels extract (PGPE) is a herb which has anti-hyperglycemic and<br />antioxidant activities.<br /><strong>Objective:</strong> This study was designed to investigate the role of PGPE and/or sitagliptin on renal functions in induced<br />diabetes.<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> The current study was performed on 60 adult male albino rats. Rats weighing 200 to 250 grams.<br />Rats were divided into: Group I “normal control animals” consists of 20 rats (divided into group 1: normal control<br />and group 2: vehicle received control) 10 rats / each. Group II “Diabetic animals” consist of 40 rats were divided<br />into 4 treated groups: (Diabetic, PGPE, Sitagliptin, sitagliptin and PGPE) 10 rats /each. At the end of experimental<br />period (6 weeks), urinary protein, fasting blood glucose (FBG), urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine,<br />malonyldialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), antioxidant enzymes and histopathology of renal<br />tissue were assayed.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In diabetic rats there were increased FBG, urea, BUN, creatinine, urinary protein, MDA and TNFα with<br />decreased GSH and SOD. Treatment with PGPE and sitagliptin caused decrease in SFBG, urea, BUN, creatinine,<br />TNFα, MDA and total protein with increase in GSH and SOD.Histopathological examination of diabetic rats revealed dilated glomerular space and dilated degenerated tubules.Treatment with PGPE and sitagliptin revealed improvement in the glomerular space with less tubular dilatation.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Results of the present work showed that combination of PGPE and sitagliptin have synergistic effects<br />for each other and have a better renoprotective effects in diabetic rats.https://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_95177_b82f90e317cc7d81dc61cbff7469de85.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Blood eosinophils and its relation to sputum inflammation and sputum bacterial load in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1161277434910.21608/jram.2020.23857.1038ENFatmaElsayedAshmoun Chest Hospital, Menoufia, EgyptMagdGalalChest Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.Manal RefaatHafezChest Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.0000-0002-7380-3977AsmaaElmadboulyClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.Journal Article20200211<strong>Background:</strong> little is recognized on the role eosinophils in the pathophysiology of acute exacerbation of chronic<br />obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).<br />Objective: To assess the relationship between eiosinophilic AECOPD and sputum inflammation and bacterial load.<br /><strong>Methodology:</strong> A cross-sectional study was done on 80 out of 189 patients presented by clinical picture of AECOPD.<br />Spirometry, total and differential leucocytic count (TLC), sputum bacterial load and culture were done for all participants.<br />They were divided into two subgroups based on blood eosinophils %; eosinophil high AECOPD (≥2%) and eosinophil low<br />AECOPD (˂ 2%).<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Among the studied patients; 51.25% have eosinophilhigh and 48.75% have eosinophil low AECOPD. Patients with<br />eosinophils high AECOPD had higher age, BMI, smoking status, smoking index, wheezes and FVC%, with more severe COPD and more severe AECOPD (p0.018) than those with eosinophil low AECOPD. In patients with eosinophil high AECOPD the blood TLC/cm3 and neutrophil % were significantly lower, while lymphocyte % and eosinophil /cmm3 were higher significantly than eosinophil low AECOPD (p 0.001 each). Regarding sputum inflammatory cells they had significant increase of sputum lymphocyte % and eosinophil/cm3 and % with significant decrease of sputum neutrophils % (p˂0.05). In eosinophil high AECOPD subgroup the blood eosinophil /cmm3 was positively correlated with age, BMI and smoking index, blood lymphocytes % eosinophils %, sputum lymphocytes % and sputum eosinophils and it was negatively<br />correlated with blood TLC, blood and sputum neutrophils, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEV1 % FEF25-75 % and FVC%. The sputum<br />bacterial load was non-significantly lower in eosinophil high than eosinophil low AECOPD (61.0% vs. 74.4%, p=0.20).The<br />type of the isolated bacteria didn’t differ between both AECOPD subgroups (p=0.17).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Eosinophilic AECOPD is common and it was related to airway inflammation and it didn’t’ affect sputum<br />bacterial load or type of isolated bacterial specieshttps://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_74349_6ec60fc2c837a1cb419ca7f660bec68c.pdfAl-Azhar University; Faculty of Medicine (Girls)Journal of Recent Advances in Medicine2636-252X1220200701Clinical significance of microRNA 126 in diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus12813511273610.21608/jram.2020.24735.1042ENNashwaKamelClinical Pathology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt.NabilaAyoubClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, EgyptRadwaIbrahimClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.AhmedGhalwashOphthalmology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt.NervanaKhalafClinical Pathology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200306<strong>Background:</strong> Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. It is caused by defective insulin production or resistance of the cells to insulin. The chronic hyperglycemia leads to damage of different organs, especially eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory ribonucleic acids (RNA). Many studies have showed the association between miRNA 126 and complications of DM including diabetic retinopathy (DR).<br /> <strong>Objective:</strong> Assessing the ability of circulating miRNA 126 to be used as diagnostic biomarker of both proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).<br /> Patients and methods: This case-control study was conducted on 20 DR (PDR & NPDR) patients, 20 DM patients without DR and 20 apparently healthy controls who were recruited from Research Institute of Ophthalmology - RIO. Identification and quantification of plasma miRNA126 was performed by real-time PCR.<br /> <strong>Results:</strong> MiRNA 126 expression is significantly decreased in PDR group when compared to healthy control. Its expression in PDR is less than in NPDR, expression in NPDR is less than in DMC, and expression in healthy people is higher than in the other groups (P value < 0.001). <br /> ROC curve was done for healthy control group versus DMC, PDR and NPDR groups and showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 1.0 for all groups with sensitivity and specificity 100%, confidence interval (CI) was 95% with upper and lower limit (1.0-1.0). Best cut off point of miRNA-126 was 5.44, 4.44, 4.88 for DMC, PDR and NPDR respectively. <br /> There is also a high significant increase between each group and control regarding hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c). There is a significant increase between PDR and control regarding triglycerides (TG).<br /> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> miRNA 126 can differentiate between the PDR, NPDR, DMC and control group and could be considered a non-invasive diagnostic parameter.https://jram.journals.ekb.eg/article_112736_3d271194aa73216bee344ee7a1f74362.pdf